Chapter 1 Problems, Problem # 1.5 (Estimate the number of liters of gasoline used by all Pakistan’s each year. Given: Number cars in Pakistan = 500000 Average distance covered by the each car = 16000 Km Rate of Consumption of gasoline = 6 Km/liter.)

 Sindh Text Board Jamshoro 

Class XI / HSC-Ι丨Chapter # 1丨Problems

Problem # 1.5

Estimate the number of liters of gasoline used by all Pakistan’s each year. Given:

Number cars in Pakistan = 500000

Average distance covered by the each car = 16000 Km

Rate of Consumption of gasoline = 6 Km/liter.

 

Solution:

Total distance covered by an equivalent car = (500000) (16000)

= 8000000000 = 8 × 10⁹ km

Total liters of gasoline consumed =

Total distance covered/Rate of consumption

= 8000000000/6

=1.333 × 109 liter

Chapter 1 Problems, Problem # 1.4 ( Suppose the displacement of a particles is related to a time according to expression S=Ct3 what are the dimension of C?)

                                                                                  Sindh Text Board Jamshoro 

Class XI / HSC-Ι丨Chapter # 1丨Problems

Problem # 1.4

Suppose the displacement of a particles is related to a time according to expression  S=Ct³ what are the dimension of C?

Chapter 1 Problems, Problem # 1.3 (Show that the expression S = vit + ½ at2 is dimensionally correct, when S is a coordinate and has a unit of length, Vi is velocity ‘a’ is acceleration and ‘t’ is time.)

                                                                                      Sindh Text Board Jamshoro 

Class XI / HSC-Ι丨Chapter # 1丨Problems

Problem # 1.3

Show that the expression S = v_it + ½ at² is dimensionally correct, when S is a coordinate and has a unit of length, V_i is velocity ‘a’ is acceleration and ‘t’ is time.

Solution

Chapter 1 Problems, Problem # 1.2 (Find the area of rectangular plate having length 21.3 ± 0.2 cm and with 9.80 ± 0.10 cm.)

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Class XI / HSC-Ι丨Chapter # 1丨Problems

Problem # 1.2

Calculate

(a)  the circumference of circle of radius 3 cm

                and

(b) area of circle of radius 4.65 cm.

Solution

(a) Circumference of the circle.

Data:

Radius = r = 3.5 cm

Formula

Circumference of the circle = 2πr

C= 2 (3.147)( 3.5)

C= 21.994

 

After reducing

C = 22.0 cm

(b) Are of the circle:

Data:

Radius = r = 4.65 cm

Formula

Area of the circle = πr²

A = (3.147)( 4.65) ²

A = (3.147)( 21.6225)

A = 67.929

After reducing

A= 67.93 cm²

Chapter 1 Problem, Problem # 1.1 (Find the area of rectangular plate having length 21.3 ± 0.2 cm and with 9.80 ± 0.10 cm.)

 Sindh Text Board Jamshoro 

Class XI / HSC-Ι丨Chapter # 1丨Problems

Problem # 1.1

Find the area of rectangular plate having length 21.3 ± 0.2 cm and with 9.80  ± 0.10 cm.

Data:

Length =  L = 21.3 ± 0.2 cm

With = W =  9.80  ± 0.10 cm

Formula

A = L × W

Find Maximum Probable Area

Length =  L = 21.3 + 0.2 = 21.5 cm

With = W =  9.80 + 0.10 = 9.9 cm

A_max = L × W

A_max = 21.5 × 9.9

A_max = 212.83 cm²

After reducing to 2 Significant figures

A_max = 213 cm²

Find Minimum  Probable Area

Length =  L = 21.3 - 0.2 = 21.1 cm

With = W =  9.80 + 0.10 = 9.7 cm

A_min = L × W

Amin = 21.1 × 9.7

Amin = 204.67 cm²

After reducing to 2 Significant figures

A_max = 205 cm²

Find average of two values.

A_av = (213 + 205 ) / 2

A_av = 209 cm²

Difference b/w average value with maximum and minimum value:         

213-209 = + 4

205-209 = - 4

Hence the area will be:

A = 209 ± 4 cm²

Chapter 11 Heat Problems Problem # 11.11 (The low temperature reservoir of a Carnot engine is at 7o C and has efficiency 40%. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 50%. By how much degrees the temperature of hot reservoir be increased.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.11

Problem # 11.11             The low temperature reservoir of a Carnot engine is at 7o C and has efficiency 40%. It is desired to increase the efficiency to 50%. By how much degrees the temperature of hot reservoir be increased.

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.10 (A heat engine operates between two reservoir at temperature of 25o C and 300o C. What is the maximum efficiency for this engine.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.10

Problem # 11.10             A heat engine operates between two reservoir at temperature of 25o C and 300o C. What is the maximum efficiency for this engine.

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.9 (A heat engine performs 200 J of work in each cycle and has efficiency of 20 percent. For each cycle of operation. (a) How much heat is absorbed? (b) How much heat is expelled?)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.9

Problem # 11.9 A heat engine performs 200 J of work in each cycle and has efficiency of 20 percent. For each cycle of operation. (a) How much heat is absorbed? (b) How much heat is expelled?

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.8 (There is a increase of internal energy by 400 joules when 800 joules of work is done by a system. What is the amount of heat supplied during this process.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.8

Problem # 11.8 There is a increase of internal energy by 400 joules when 800 joules of work is done by a system. What is the amount of heat supplied during this process.

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.7 ( In a certain process 400J of heat are supplied to a system and at temperature at same time 150J of work are done by the system. What is increase in the internal energy of the system.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.7

Problem # 11.7             In a certain process 400J of heat are supplied to a system and at temperature  at same time 150J of work are done by the system. What is increase in the internal energy of the system.

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.6 (A 2kg iron block is taken from furnace where its temperature 650o C and placed on a large block of ice is at 0o C. Assuming that all the heat given up by the iron is used to melt the ice, how much ice is melted.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.6

Problem # 11.6                 A 2kg iron block is taken from furnace where its temperature 650o C and placed on a large block of ice is at 0o C. Assuming that all the heat given up by the iron is used to melt the ice, how much ice is melted.

 

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.5 ((a) Determine the average value of Kinetic energy of particles of an ideal gas at 0o C and 50o C. (b) What is the kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas at these temperature.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.5

 

Problem # 11.5 (a)   Determine the average value of Kinetic energy of particles of an ideal                   gas at 0o C and 50o C. (b)  What is the kinetic energy per mole of an ideal gas at these                                    temperature.

 

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.4 (Calculate the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecule at 800 K.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.4

 

Problem # 11.4                 Calculate the root mean square speed of hydrogen molecule at 800 K.

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem # 11.3 (Find the change in volume of an aluminum sphere of 0.4 m radius when it is heated from 0 to 100o C.)

Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.3

Problem # 11.3 Find the change in volume of an aluminum sphere of 0.4 m radius when it is heated from 0 to 100o C.

 

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem 11.2 ( A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20o­ C to the horizontal and at a speed of 11 m/s . (a) How far does he jump? (b) What is the maximum height reached? Assume the motion of the long jumper is that of projectile.)

 Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem # 11.2

Problem # 11.2              A long jumper leaves the ground at  an angle of 20o­ C to the horizontal and at a speed of 11 m/s . (a)   How far does he jump? (b)   What is the maximum height reached? Assume the motion of the long jumper is that of projectile.

Chapter 11 Heat Problems, Problem 11.1 (A rescue helicopter drops a package of emergency ration to a standard party on the ground. If the helicopter is travelling horizontally at 40 m/s at height of 100 m above the ground. (a) Where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at which it was released? (b) What are horizontal and vertical component of the velocity of the package just before is hits the ground?)

Chapter 11 Heat Problems

Problem 11.1

        

A rescue helicopter drops a package of emergency ration to a standard party on the ground. If the helicopter is travelling horizontally at 40 m/s at height of 100 m above the ground.  (a) Where does the package strike the ground relative to the point at which it was released?  (b) What are horizontal and vertical component of the velocity of the package just before is hits the ground?

Distance, Displacement, Differentiate between Distance and Displacement

 Distance

The total length covered by the body between two points in any direction is called distance.

ü  It is scalar quantity.

ü  Its unit is meter.

DISPLACEMENT

The change of position of a body in a particular direction is called is displacement.

OR

The shortest distance b/w two points in a straight line is called displacement.

ü  It is vector quantity.

ü  Its unit is meter.

DISTANCE	DISPLACEMENT
v  The space b/w two positions without a reference of direction is called distance (s). v  It has magnitude only. v  It is scalar quantity. v  It is denoted by ‘S’ v  It’s S.I unit is meter (m).	v  Displacement refers to distance moved in a specified direction. v  It has magnitude as well as direction. v  It is a vector quantity v  It is denoted by ‘ ’, ‘ ’. v  It’s S.I unit is meter (m).

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TYPES OF MOTION, LINAER MOTION, ROTATORY MOTION, VIBRATORY MOTION

 TYPES OF MOTION

                There are three types of motion.

ü  LINEAR MOTION

If a body moving in straight line,or curved line then its motion is called linear motion.

·         Motion of car on a rod.

·         Motion of train on its track.

 

ü ROTATORY MOTION

If a body moves in a circle or rotates about a fixed point or axis, then its motion is called rotatory motion.

·         Motion of wheels of moving car.

·         Motion of blades of a moving electric fan.

 

ü VIBRATORY  MOTION

To and Fro motion of a body about mean position, executed at a regular intervals of time is called vibratory of oscillatory motion.

·         Motion of simple pendulum.

·         Motion of stretched spring.

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KINEMATICS, REST AND MOTION

 

KINEMATICS

                The branch of physics which deal with description of motion of object without reference to the force or agent causing motion is called Kinematics.

REST

If a body does not change its position with respect to its surrounding than it is said to be in a

state of rest.  e.g.

·         A book lying on the table.

·         A bus standing on the bus stop.

MOTION

If a body changes its position with respect to its surrounding than it is said to be in a state of motion.  e.g.

·         Motion of car on the road.

·         Someone move from one place to another.

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Measuring cylinder

 Measuring cylinder

Ø  It is made-up of glass.

Ø  A scale in cubic centimeter or millimeter printed on it.

Ø  It is used to find volume of liquids.

Ø  When we pour liquids into the cylinder, the level of liquids in the cylinder in noted.

Ø  We should keep the eye in level with the bottom of the meniscus of the liquid in order to read the volume correctly.

The liquid surface and the cylinder must be on the a horizontal table.

STOP WATCH

STOP WATCH

Ø  We use a stopwatch for measurement of time, on our laboratories.

Ø  It has two hands M and S,

Ø  ‘M’ is for minutes and ‘S’ coincide with position of zero.

Ø  The button ‘B’ is pressed and released for recording the time interval between the starts and stop of the event.

Ø  By pressing and releasing button, the needle of stopwatch returned at zero and ready for next fresh reading.

MICRO METER SCREW GAUGE

 MICRO METER SCREW GAUGE

Ø  It has two scales, one is called main scale and other is called circular scale.

Ø  It is used to measure the diameter and thickness of small objects.

Ø  Spindle is an important part in screw gauge.

Ø  To protect the screwed portion it kept into enclosed cylinder.

Ø  Spindle moves through 0.5 mm or 0.05 cm for complete rotation. The distance is called pitch  of the crew gauge.

Ø  The circular scale moves on main scale, which is in millimeter.

When the object is being measure we rotate circular scale clockwise. Till spindle just touches the object. Now we may take reading.

Vernier caliper

 Vernier caliper 

A meter stick is graduate in millimeters hence it can measure a distance up to 1mm. to measure distance smaller than this other instruments are used vernier caliper is one of such instruments that can be used to measure a distance upto 0.05mm.

A vernier caliper consists off a rectangular steel bar whose one side is graduated in millimeters. This scale is known as main scale (MS). A small scale usually consisting of 10 division which slides over the main scale is known as vernier scale (VS).

This instrument has tow jaws called calipers which shown enables it to measure the internal as well as as the external diameter of a cylindrical project. A relatively this flat rod is attached to the sliding scale on back which enable it to measure the inner depth of the hollow cylinder.