SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

                A specific method which is used in Science to search the truth and reality is called scientific method. It gives a systematic approach to a phenomenon. It is procedure which is used in the study of science.

 STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 OBSERVATION:

                The first step of scientific methods is to make observation. It is a procedure of collecting facts. In this way all possible information are gathered about a physical phenomenon. Observation is an act of recognizing and noting phenomena as they occur in nature or distinguish from experiment.

 HYPOTHESIS:

                The second step of scientific methods is Hypothesis. It is a provisional explanation of anything. It is a supposition or proposition which is assumed for the sake of argument. On the basis of the data collected through observation a hypothesis can be developed. 

EXPERIMENT:

                The third step of scientific methods is experiment. It is an organized process which is used to test the truth of the hypothesis. For example, a simple experiment can be done to test the hypothesis that light travels in straight line. In the experiment we take three card boards, each with a hole. The three cards boards are then placed in front of lamp. The light travels from the hole of the three cards. If any of these cards is disturbed from its position, the light of the lamp cannot be seen. Hence it is proved by that light travels in straight line.

 

THEORY

                This step of scientific methods is the formation of a theory it is an exposition of abstract principles of science. After the successful verification of an assumption and with the help of careful experimentation, it becomes a theory and is applicable to similar phenomenon.

               

LAW

                        The last step of scientific methods is to make a law about a natural phenomenon. It is a statement regarding the behavior of nature which explains the observation and experiments of the past and can predict about other aspects of the nature.

ERRORS AND ACCURACY

 ERRORS AND ACCURACY

            

In an experiment certain errors may rise due to experimenter, or to the instrument used or due to both. We divide these errors into three categories, namely, personal error, systematic error and random error.

PERSONAL ERROR

                This error due to the tendency of person who takes reading in favors of a particular reading. Such procedure produces errors in taking observations this type of errors can be removed by avoiding this bias.

SYSTEMATIC OR INSTRUMENTAL ERROR

                This type of error arises due to the fault in the measuring instruments. This is called the zero error of the instruments. This error can be overcome by adopting the relevant zero error correction.

RANDOM ERROR

                This type of error may arise due to external condition which are at certain time beyond the control of the experimenter. This error can be minimized by maintaining certain conditions in the laboratory. For example, changes in temperature

YAQOOB IBNE ISHAQ ALKINDI (800-873 A.D) {CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS}

CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS 

YAQOOB IBNE ISHAQ ALKINDI (800-873 A.D)

 

Yaqub Kindi was born in 800 A.D in Basra, the city of Iraq. He was a famous Arabic philosopher. He worked in the field of optics, sound and especially in the reflection of light. He discussed music on the basis of science. He did considerable work on geometrical optics and in the field of medicine. He also discussed the nature of sound.

ABU REHAN MUHAMMAD BIN AHMED AL-BERUNI {CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS}

 

CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS

ABU REHAN MUHAMMAD BIN AHMED AL-BERUNI

INTRODUCTION

He was born in Berun, a small town of Afghanistan, in 973 AD.He wrote many books on various subjects like physics, mathematics, culture, astronomy etc.

CONTRIBUTION

He discussed in detail about the movement of sun, moon and other planets.
He determined the densities of various metals .
He gave an idea that Earth is floating in the sky like a ship in the water.
He was the first who said that the velocity of light is more than the velocity of sound.

IBNE-AL-HAITHAM (965-1039 A.D) {CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS }

 CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIMS SCIENTISTS

1. IBNE-AL-HAITHAM (965-1039 A.D)

INTRODUCTION

He was born in Basra the city of Iraq. He was one of the greatest Muslim Scientists. He was a scholar of physics, mathematics, engineering, astronomy and medicine.

CONTRIBUTION

ü  He was the first man who discussed in detail about the luminous, non-luminous and transparent bodies.

ü  He also told about the structure and functions of eyes.

ü  He gave us multiple laws of reflection and wrote many books about the reflection of light.

ü  He first time gave the idea that whenever the ray of light incidents on an object some of the incident rays are reflected from the object and enter the eyes consequently the object becomes visible to the eyes which is accepted by the scientific views.

üHe also invented the pinhole camera.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN DAILY LIFE

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN DAILY LIFE

                Physics is the most basic and fundamental branch of science. It has a key role in the development of Science. It is the most fundamental knowledge obtained through experiments and keen observation. It explains the most useful phenomena of nature and various activities of non-living things; hence we can say that Physics is the Science of nature. The importance of physics in our daily life can be described as following.

ü  STUDY OF NATURE

Nowadays the facilities of modern world today are due to the efforts made by scientists from different parts if the world in different areas. They worked day and night to discover laws and theories to help the study of nature.

 

ü  DEVELOPMENT IN TECHNOLOGY

All developments in technology are due to physics. Physics has contributed a lot in the development of technology of medicine, textiles, metallurgy, agriculture, communication etc.  Physics has played a leading role in the development of science technology for the welfare of mankind.

ü  ELECTRICITY

The electric power that we use in our homes and industries is produced on the principle of induced e.m.f. due to changing flux of magnetic field. Electricity is a great gift of physics to mankind.

ü  LASERS

Lasers derived their principle from atomic physics. They are widely used in medical science, electronic devices, metallurgy, astronomy and defense. 

ü  NUCLEAR ENERGY

Production of nuclear energy is based on the principle of inter conversion of mass into energy as according to Einstein’s equation E = mc². Nowadays for the huge requirement of the energy is the focus of electricity is in different countries of the world.

IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICS IN DAILY LIFE

                Physics is the most basic and fundamental branch of science. It has a key role in the development of Science. It is the most fundamental knowledge obtained through experiments and keen observation. It explains the most useful phenomena of nature and various activities of non-living things; hence we can say that Physics is the Science of nature. The importance of physics in our daily life can be described as following.

ü  STUDY OF NATURE

Nowadays the facilities of modern world today are due to the efforts made by scientists from different parts if the world in different areas. They worked day and night to discover laws and theories to help the study of nature.

ü  DEVELOPMENT IN TECHNOLOGY

All developments in technology are due to physics. Physics has contributed a lot in the development of technology of medicine, textiles, metallurgy, agriculture, communication etc.  Physics has played a leading role in the development of science technology for the welfare of mankind.

ü  ELECTRICITY

The electric power that we use in our homes and industries is produced on the principle of induced e.m.f. due to changing flux of magnetic field. Electricity is a great gift of physics to mankind.

ü  LASERS

Lasers derived their principle from atomic physics. They are widely used in medical science, electronic devices, metallurgy, astronomy and defense.

ü  NUCLEAR ENERGY

Production of nuclear energy is based on the principle of inter conversion of mass into energy as according to Einstein’s equation E = mc². Nowadays for the huge requirement of the energy is the focus of electricity is in different countries of the world. 

THE BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

 THE BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

 ü  Mechanics

“It is the branch of Physics which deals with motion of particles or bodies under the action of given force”.

 ü  Atomic physics         

                                “It is the branch of Physics which deals with properties and structure of Atom”.

 ü  Electricity

It deals with the phenomenon and effects related to electric charge.

 ü  Electromagnetism

It deals with observation, principles, laws and methods related to electricity and magnetism.

 ü  Solid state Physics

It is concerned with the structure and properties of the solid materials.

 ü  Nuclear Physics

It deals with the structure, properties and interaction of the nucleus of atoms.

ü  Astrophysics

It is concerned with the study of the astronomical bodies.

 ü  Bio Physics

It is concerned with the application of physical methods and explanation to bio-physical system and structures.

 ü  Plasma Physics

It is concerned with the properties of highly ionized atoms forming a mixture of bare nuclei.

PHYSICS - Definition (What is physics)

 

PHYSICS

Word  "PHYSICS" comes from a Greek language "physikos" it means natural.

The branch of science which deals with the properties of matter and energy along with interaction between them. It is based on experimental observation and quantitative measurement of natural phenomenon.

For Example:

(i) Motion of planets around the sun.

(ii) Motion of bodies under force of gravity.

SCIENCE

SCIENCE

 Science is the systematic study of all natural phenomenon. It is based on observation, experiments and measurement.

 

BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

PHYSICAL SCIENCE:

                The physical science deals with the properties of non-living things. 

Example:             Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy and Geology etc.

 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE:

                The biological science deals with living thing.

Example:             Botany, Genetics, Zoology and Microbiology etc.

CHAPTER 1 PHYSICS CLASS X (SSC I - 11) (MATRICULATION) INTRODUCTION OF PHYSICS

CHAPTER 1 PHYSICS CLASS X 

(SSC I - 11) (MATRICULATION)

INTRODUCTION OF PHYSICS